The United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) was a part of the United States Department of Justice and handled legal and illegal immigration and naturalization. It ceased to exist as a whole entity on March 1, 2003. Most of its functions were transferred to three new agencies within the newly-created Department of Homeland Security in March 2003. The administration of immigration services, including permanent residence, naturalization, asylum, and other functions became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed only for a short time before changing to its current name, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The investigative and enforcement functions (including investigations, deportation, and intelligence) were combined with U.S. Customs investigators, the Federal Protective Service, and the Federal Air Marshal Service, to create U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The border functions of the INS, which included the Border Patrol along with INS Inspectors, were combined with U.S. Customs Inspectors into the newly created U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP). History of the Immigration and Naturalization Service Immigration Inspectors, circa 1924 Shortly after the U.S. Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility. The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the Treasury Department. This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. 'Immigrant Inspectors', as they were called then, were stationed at major U.S. ports of entry collecting manifests of arriving passengers. A 'head tax' of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant. Paralleling some immigration concerns of today, back in the early 1900's Congress's primary interest in immigration was to protect American workers and wages: the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue. In 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor. After World War One, Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing laws in 1921 and 1924 limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous U.S. census figures. Each year, the U.S. State Department issued a limited number of visas; only those immigrants who had obtained them and could present valid visas were permitted entry. President Franklin Roosevelt moved the INS from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice in 1940. External links Unofficial U.S. Immigration guide. http://www.dhs.gov for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) http://www.uscis.gov for U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) of the DHS http://www.ice.gov for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) of the DHS http://www.cbp.gov for U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) of the DHS [1] Lessons in American Civics Search Term: "Immigration_and_Naturalization_Service" Categories: History of immigration to the United States | United States Department of Homeland Security