Frank lloyd wright

Architects Personal Information Name Frank Lloyd Wright Nationality American Birth date 8th June 1867 Birth place Richland Center, Wisconsin Death date 9th April 1959 Death place Phoenix, Arizona Working Life Significant Buildings Robie House Fallingwater Johnson Wax Building Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum Significant Projects The Illinois Frank Lloyd Wright (June 8, 1867 – April 9, 1959) was one of the most prominent and influential architects of the first half of the 20th century. He not only developed a series of highly individual styles over his extraordinarily long architectural career (spanning the years 1887-1959), he influenced the whole course of American architecture and building. To this day he probably remains America's most famous architect. Contents 1 Biography 1.1 Early years 1.2 Europe and personal troubles 1.3 More personal turmoil 1.4 Enduring legacy 2 Influences on architecture 3 Quotations 4 Works 4.1 1880s 4.2 1890s 4.3 1900s 4.4 1910s 4.5 1920s 4.6 1930s 4.7 1940s 4.8 1950s 4.9 Other 4.10 Unbuilt works 5 References 5.1 Selected books and articles on Wright’s philosophy: 5.2 Biographies on Wright 5.3 Selected survey books on Wright’s work: 6 See also 7 External links Biography Early years Frank Lloyd Wright was born in the agricultural town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, U.S., on June 8, 1867, just two years after the end of the American Civil War. He was brought up with strong Unitarian and transcendental principles (eventually, in 1905, he would design the Unity Temple in Oak Park, Illinois). As a child he spent a great deal of time playing with the kindergarten educational blocks by Friedrich Wilhelm August Fröbel (popularly known as Froebel blocks) given by his mother. These consisted of various geometrically shaped blocks that could be assembled in various combinations to form three-dimensional compositions. Wright in his autobiography talks about the influence of these exercises on his approach to design. Many of his buildings are notable for the geometrical clarity they exhibit. Wright's home in Oak Park, Illinois Wright commenced his formal education in 1885 at the University of Wisconsin School for Engineering, where he was a member of a fraternity, Phi Delta Theta. He took classes part time for two years while apprenticing under Allen Conover, a local builder and professor of civil engineering. In 1887, Wright left the university without taking a degree (although he was granted an honorary doctorate of fine arts from the university in 1955) and moved to Chicago, Illinois, where he joined the architectural firm of Joseph Lyman Silsbee. Within the year, he had left Silsbee to work for the firm of Adler and Sullivan. Beginning in 1890, he was assigned all residential design work for the firm. In 1893, after a falling-out that probably concerned the work he had taken on outside the office, Wright left Adler and Sullivan to establish his own practice and home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, IL. He had completed around fifty projects by 1901, including many houses in his hometown.[1] Darwin Martin House, Buffalo, New York Between 1900 and 1910, his residential designs were "Prairie Houses" (extended low buildings with shallow, sloping roofs, clean sky lines, suppressed chimneys, overhangs and terraces, using unfinished materials), so-called because the design is considered to complement the land around Chicago. These houses are credited with being the first examples of the "open plan." In fact, the manipulation of interior space in residential and public buildings, such as the Unitarian Unity Temple, in Oak Park, are hallmarks of his style. He believed that humanity should be central to all design. Many examples of this work can be found in Buffalo, New York, resulting from a friendship between Wright and an executive from the Larkin Soap Company, Darwin D. Martin. In 1902 the Larkin Company decided to build a new administration building . Wright came to Buffalo and designed not only the first sketches for the Larkin Administration Building (completed in 1904, demolished in 1950), but also three homes for the company's executives: George Barton House, Buffalo NY, 1903 Darwin D. Martin House, Buffalo NY, 1904 William Heath House, Buffalo NY, 1905 The houses considered the masterpieces of the late Prairie period (1907–9) are the Frederick Robie House and the Avery and Queene Coonley House, both in Chicago. The Robie House with its soaring, cantilevered roof lines, supported by a 110-foot-long channel of steel, is the most dramatic. Its living and dining areas form virtually one uninterrupted space. This building had a profound influence on young European architects after World War I and is sometimes called the "cornerstone of modernism." Wright's work, however, was not known to European architects until after 1910. Europe and personal troubles This article or section does not cite its references or sources. You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations. In 1904, Wright designed a house for a neighbor in Oak Park, Edwin Cheney, and immediately took a liking to Cheney's wife, Mamah Borthwick Cheney. The two fell in love, even though Wright had been married for over a decade. Often the two could be seen taking rides in Wright's automobile through Oak Park, and they became the talk of the town. Wright's wife, Kitty, would not grant him a divorce however, and at first, neither would Edwin Cheney grant one to Mamah. In 1909, even before the Robie House was actually completed, Wright and Mamah Cheney eloped to Europe. The scandal that erupted virtually destroyed Wright's ability to practice architecture in the United States. Architectural historians have speculated on why Wright decided to turn his life upside-down. It has been said that he enjoyed living on the edge. Offered as proof of this are the facts that he was always digging himself into problems. He spent money almost as soon as he received it, and almost always seemed to be in debt. This argument has been coupled with speculation that Wright was himself having a professional midlife crisis (in 1907 he was already forty years old). Scholars argue that he felt by 1907-8 that he had done everything he could do with the Prairie Style, particularly from the standpoint of the one-family house. To illustrate, one can ask the question, "How many different permutations of the Prairie Style residence can you do without eventually feeling like you are going nowhere?" Wright was not getting larger commissions for commercial or public buildings, which frustrated him not only because of the desire for bigger and better work, but also because of his immense ego and desire to be recognized as the architectural genius he saw himself as. Wright and Mamah Cheney traveled extensively throughout Europe, where Wright absorbed a great amount of architectural history. In 1910, during a stop in Berlin, Wright, with virtually all of his drawings, visited the publishing house of Ernst Wasmuth, who had agreed to publish his work there. In two volumes, the Wasmuth Portfolio was thus published, and created the first major exposure of Wright's work in Europe. Wright remained in Europe for two years, though Mamah Cheney left for the United States a few times, and set up home in Fiesole, Italy. During this time, Edwin Cheney granted her a divorce, though Kitty Wright again refused to grant one to her husband. After Wright's return to the United States in 1911, he moved to Spring Green, Wisconsin, to land that was held by his mother's family, and began to build himself a new home, which he called Taliesin. More personal turmoil On August 15, 1914, while Wright was in Chicago completing a large project, Midway Gardens, Julian Carlton, a male servant whom he had hired several months earlier, set fire to the living quarters of Taliesin and murdered seven people with an ax as the fire burned. The dead were: Mamah, her two children John and Martha, a gardener, a draftsman, a workman, and the workman’s son. Two people survived the mêleé, one of whom helped to put out the fire that almost completely consumed the residential wing of the house. In 1923, Wright's mother, Anna, died. Wright wed Miriam Noel in November 1923, but her addiction to morphine led to the failure of the marriage in less than one year. In 1924, after the separation, Wright met Olga (Olgivanna) Lazovich Hinzenburg, at the Petrograd Ballet. They moved in together at Taliesin in 1925, but in 1926, Olga's ex-husband sought custody of his daughter. In Minnetonka, Minnesota, Wright and Olgivanna were accused of violating the Mann Act and arrested in October 1925. The charges were dropped in 1926. The couple married in 1928. Enduring legacy Wright is responsible for a concept or a series of extremely original concepts of suburban development united under the term Broadacre City. He proposed the idea in his book The Disappearing City in 1932, and unveiled a very large (12 by 12 feet) model of this community of the future, showing it in several venues in the following years. He went on developing the idea until his death. It was also in the 1930s that Wright first designed "Usonian" houses. Essentially highly practical houses for middle-class clients, the designs were based on a simple, yet elegant geometry. He would later use similar, elementary forms in his First Unitarian Meeting House built in Madison, Wisconsin, between 1947 and 1950. Wright was awarded the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 1941. The classic view of the classic FLLW residence, now a National Monument Fallingwater, one of the most famous of Frank Lloyd Wright's works His most famous private residence was constructed from 1935 to 1939—Fallingwater—for Mr. and Mrs. E.J. Kaufmann Sr., at Bear Run, Pennsylvania. It was designed according to Wright's desire to place the occupants close to the natural surroundings, with a stream and waterfall running under part of the building. The construction is a series of cantilevered balconies and terraces, using limestone for all verticals and concrete for the horizontals. The house cost $155,000, including the architect's fee of $8,000. Kaufmann's own engineers argued that the design was not sound. They were overruled by Wright, but workmen secretly added extra steel to the horizontal concrete elements. There is a difference of opinion as to whether Wright's original design would have withstood the test of time. In 1994, Robert Silman and Associates examined the building and developed a plan to restore the structure. In the late 1990s, steel supports were added under the lowest cantilever until a detailed structural analysis could be done. In March 2002, post-tensioning of the lowest terrace was completed. Wright practiced what is known as organic architecture, an architecture that evolves naturally out of the context, most importantly for him the relationship between the site and the building and the needs of the client. Houses in wooded regions, for instance, made heavy use of wood, desert houses had rambling floor plans and heavy use of stone, and houses in rocky areas such as Los Angeles were built mainly of cinder block. Wright's creations took his concern with organic architecture down to the smallest details. From his largest commercial commissions to the relatively modest Usonian houses, Wright conceived virtually every detail of both the external design and the internal fixtures, including furniture, carpets, windows, doors, tables and chairs, light fittings and decorative elements. He was one of the first architects to design and supply custom-made, purpose-built furniture and fittings that functioned as integrated parts of the whole design, and he often returned to earlier commissions to redesign internal fittings. His Prairie houses use themed, coordinated design elements (often based on plant forms) that are repeated in windows, carpets and other fittings. He made innovative use of new building materials such as precast concrete blocks, glass bricks and zinc cames (instead of the traditional lead) for his leadlight windows, and he famously used Pyrex glass tubing as a major element in the Johnson's Wax building. Wright was also one of the first architects to design and install custom-made electric light fittings, including some of the very first electric floor lamps, and his very early use of the then-novel spherical glass lampshade (a design previously not possible due to the physical restrictions of gas lighting). One of his projects, Monona Terrace, originally designed in 1937 as City and County Offices for Madison, Wisconsin, was completed in 1997 on the original site, using a variation of Wright's final design for the exterior with the interior design altered by its new purpose as a convention center. The "as-built" design was carried out by Wright's apprentice Tony Puttnam. Monona Terrace was accompanied by controversy throughout the sixty-years between the original design and the completion of the structure. Wright's personal life was a colorful one that frequently made headlines. He married three times: Catherine Lee Tobin in 1889, Miriam Noel in 1922, and Olga Milanov Hinzenberg (Olgivanna) in 1928. Olgivanna had been living as a disciple of Armenian mystic G. I. Gurdjieff, and her experiences with Gurdjieff influenced the formation and structure of Wright's Taliesin Fellowship in 1932. The meeting of Gurdjieff and Wright is explored in Robert Lepage's The Geometry Of Miracles. Olgivanna continued to run the Fellowship after Wright's death, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona in 1985. Despite being a high-profile architect and almost always in demand, Wright would find himself constantly in debt thanks in part to his lavish lifestyle. In one instance Wright was over $1,000 in debt, and reportedly would borrow $1,500 from a friend only to spend more than half of it on clothes, gifts, and trips. Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, Upper East Side, New York Wright died on April 9, 1959, having designed an enormous number of significant projects including the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City, a building which occupied him for 16 years (1943–59) and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building rises as a warm beige spiral from its site on Fifth Avenue; its interior is similar to the inside of a seashell. Its unique central geometry was meant to allow visitors to experience Guggenheim's collection of nonobjective geometric paintings with ease by taking an elevator to the top level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp, which features a floor embedded with circular shapes and triangular light fixtures, in order to compliment the geometric nature of the structure. Unfortunately, when the museum was completed, a number of important details of Wright's design were ignored, including his desire for the interior to be painted off-white. Furthermore, the Museum currently designs exhibits to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway rather than walking down from the top level. 1966 U.S. postage stamp honoring Frank Lloyd Wright Wright built 362 houses. About 300 survive as of 2005. Three have been lost to forces of nature: the waterfront house for W. L. Fuller in Pass Christian, MS, which was destroyed by Hurricane Camille in August 1969, the Louis Sullivan Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, which was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, and the James Charnley Bungalow of Ocean Springs, Mississippi, which was also gutted by Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The Ennis House in California has also been damaged by earthquake and rain-induced ground movement. While a number of the houses are preserved as museum pieces and millions of dollars are spent on their upkeep, other houses have trouble selling on the open market due to their unique designs, generally small size and outdated features. As buildings age their structural deficiencies are increasingly revealed, and Wright's designs have not been immune from the passage of time. Some of his most daring and innovative designs have required major structural repair, and the soaring cantilevered terraces of Fallingwater are but one example. (A common joke was once how "Fallingwater" is falling into the water.) Some of these deficiencies can be attributed to Wright's pushing of materials beyond the state of the art, others to sometimes less than rigorous engineering, and still others to the natural wear and tear of the elements over time. Many speculate that the character of Howard Roark, an architect in Ayn Rand's book The Fountainhead, is based, at least in part, on Frank Lloyd Wright. Rand, a Wright client herself, however, denied this. In 1992 The Madison Opera in Madison, Wisconsin commissioned and premiered the opera Shining Brow, by composer Daron Hagen and librettist Paul Muldoon based on events early in Wright's life. The work has since received numerous revivals. In 2000, Work Song: Three Views of Frank Lloyd Wright, a play based on the relationship between the personal and working aspects of Wright's life, debuted at the Milwaukee Repertory Theater. One of Wright's sons, Frank Lloyd Wright Jr., known as Lloyd Wright, was also a notable architect in Los Angeles. Lloyd Wright's son, (and Wright's grandson) Eric Lloyd Wright, is currently an architect in Malibu, California. The Oscar-winning actress Anne Baxter was his granddaughter. Wright also designed his own clothing. His fashion sense was unique and he usually wore very expensive suits, flowing neckties, and capes as well as driving a yellow convertible, which earned him many speeding tickets. Influences on architecture Wright responded to the transformation of domestic life that occurred at the turn of the twentieth century, when servants became a less prominent or completely absent feature of most American households, by developing homes with progressively more open plans. This allowed the woman of the house to work in her 'workplace', as he often called the kitchen, yet keep track of and be available for the children and/or guests in the dining room. Much of modern architecture, including the early work of Mies van der Rohe, can be traced back to Wright's innovative work. His 'Usonian' homes set a new style for suburban design that was followed by countless developers. Many features of modern American homes date back to Wright; open plans, slab-on-grade footings, and simplified construction techniques that allowed more mechanization or at least efficiency in building are amongst his innovations. Quotations The interior of the Rosenbaum House “A doctor can bury mistakes, an architect can only advise their client to plant vines.” “I don't need to sign in, I'm the architect.” – in response to a patron at Unity Temple asking him to add his name to the entry record. “Continuously nature shows him the science of her remarkable economy of structure in mineral and vegetable constructions to go with the unspoiled character everywhere apparent in her forms.” “Give me the luxuries of life and I will gladly do without the necessities.” “Form follows function – that has been misunderstood. Form and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.” "That's how you can tell it's a roof." -- in response to complaints about roof leaks in his buildings "I'm all in favor of keeping dangerous weapons out of the hands of fools. Let's start with typewriters." "I believe in God, only I spell it Nature." "If it keeps up, man will atrophy all his limbs but the push-button finger." "Less is only more where more is no good." Works The Robie House on the University of Chicago campus 1880s Hillside Home School I, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1887 Frank Lloyd Wright Home and Studio, Oak Park, Illinois, 1889 1890s Louis Sullivan Bungalow, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 1890 Destroyed by Hurricane Katrina James Charnley Bungalow, Ocean Springs, Mississippi, 1890 Gutted by Hurricane Katrina, August 2005, with much of the structure moved 3 to 4 feet from its foundation. Restoration would be in the millions if possible. Pictures at [2] James Charnley Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1891 William Storrs MacHarg Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1891 Warren McArthur Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1892 George Blossom Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1892 Robert G. Emmond Residence, LaGrange, Illinois, 1892 Thomas H. Gale Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1892 Robert P. Parker Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1892 Dr. Allison W. Harlan Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1892 Albert Sullivan Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1892 W. Irving Clark Residence, LaGrange, Illinois, 1893 Walter M. Gale Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1893 Robert M. Lamp Cottage, Madison, Wisconsin, 1893 Lake Mendota Boathouse, Madison, Wisconsin, 1893 Francis Woolley Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1893 Peter Goan Residence, Lagrange, Illinois, 1893 William Herman Winslow Residence, River Forest, Illinois, 1894 Frederick Bagley Residence, Hinsdale, Illinois, 1894 Henry and Lily Mitchell Residence, Racine, Wisconsin, 1894 Francisco Terrace Apartments, Chicago, Illinois, 1895 Edward C. Waller Apartments, Chicago, Illinois, 1895 Francis Apartments, Chicago, Illinois, 1895 Chauncey L. Williams Residence, River Forest, Illinois, 1895 Nathan G. Moore Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1895 Romeo and Juliet Windmill, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1896 rebuilt in 1938 Isidore Heller Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1896 Harry C. Goodrich Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1896 George W. Smith Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1896 George Furbeck Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1897 Rollin Furbeck Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1897 River Forest Golf Club, River Forest, Illinois, 1898 Thomas H. Gale Cottage, Whitehall, Michigan, 1897 Joseph and Helen Husser Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1899 1900s William and Jessie M. Adams Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1900 S.A. Foster Residence and Stable, Chicago, Illinois, 1900 B. Harley Bradley Residence and Stable, Kankakee, Illinois, 1900 Warren Hickox Residence, Kankakee, Illinois, 1900 E.H. Pitkin Residence, Desbarats, Ontario, Canada, 1900 Henry Wallis Cottage, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1900 Fred B. Jones Residence, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1900 Ward Winfield Willits Residence, and Gardener’s Cottage and Stables, Highland Park, Illinois, 1901 F.B. Henderson Residence, Elmhurst, Illinois, 1901 William G. Fricke Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1901 Edward C. Waller Gates and Stables, River Forest, Illinois, 1901 Buffalo Exposition Pavilion for Universal Portland Cement Company, Buffalo, New York, 1901 Frank Wright Thomas Residence, 210 Forest Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois, 1901 E. Arthur Davenport Residence, River Forest, Illinois, 1901 William E. Martin Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1902 Lake Delavan Yacht Club, Lake Delavan, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1902 Hillside Home School II, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1902 Francis W. and Mary Little Residence I and Stable I, Peoria, Illinois, 1902 Arthur and Grace Heurtley Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1902 Mrs. George Gerts Double House, Bridge Cottage, Whitehall, Michigan, 1902 Dana-Thomas House State Historic Site, Springfield, Illinois, 1902 Walter Gerts Cottage, Whitehall, Michigan, 1902 George W. Spencer Residence, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1902 Charles S. Ross Residence, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1902 J.J. Walser, Jr. Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1903 Larkin Administration Building, Buffalo, New York, 1903 Scoville Park Fountain, Oak Park, Illinois, 1903 Abraham Lincoln Center, Chicago, Illinois, 1903 Robert M. Lamp Residence, Madison, Wisconsin, 1903 George Barton Residence, Buffalo, New York, 1903 Mamah Borthwick and Edwin H. Cheney Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1903 Mrs. Thomas H. Gale Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1904 Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois, 1904 Burton J. Westcott Residence, Springfield, Ohio, 1904 Darwin D. Martin Estate, Buffalo, New York, 1904 William R. Heath Residence, Buffalo, New York, 1904 Ferdinand Frederick and Emily Tomek Residence, Riverside, Illinois, 1904 Harvey P. Sutton Residence, McCook, Nebraska, 1905 Hiram Baldwin Residence, Kenilworth, Illinois, 1905 Mary M. W. Adams Residence, Highland Park, Illinois, 1905 William A. Glasner Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1905 Charles A. Brown Residence, Evanston, Illinois, 1905 Frank L. Smith Bank, Dwight, Illinois, 1905 E.W. Cummings Real Estate Office, River Forest, Illinois, 1905 E-Z Polish Factory, Chicago, Illinois, 1905 Lawrence Memorial Library, Springfield, Illinois, 1905 A.P. Johnson Residence, Delavan, Wisconsin, 1905 Darwin D. Martin Gardener’s Cottage, Buffalo, New York, 1905 Thomas P. Hardy Residence, Racine, Wisconsin, 1905 William H. Pettit Mortuary Chapel, Belvidere, Illinois, 1906 Peter A. Beachy Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1906 Frederick D. Nichols Residence, Flossmoor, Illinois, 1906 River Forest Tennis Club, River Forest, Illinois, 1906 P. D. Hoyt Residence, Geneva, Illinois, 1906 A. W. Gridley Residence, Batavia, Illinois, 1906 Grace Fuller Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1906 K. C. DeRhodes Residence, South Bend, Indiana, 1906 George Madison Millard Residence, Highland Park, Illinois, 1906 Frederick C. Robie Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1906 Jamestown Exhibition Pavilion, Norfolk, Virginia, 1907 George Blossom Garage, Chicago, Illinois, 1907 Tanyderi, Spring Green, Wisconsin,1907 Avery Coonley Residence, Riverside, Illinois, 1907 Stephen M. B. Hunt Residence I, LaGrange, Illinois, 1907 G. C. Stockman Residence, Mason City, Iowa, 1908 Raymond W. Evens Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1908 Browne’s Bookstore, Chicago, Illinois, 1908 L. K. Horner Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1908 Bitter Root Inn, Stevensville, Montana, 1908 Eugene A. Gilmore Residence, Madison, Wisconsin, 1908 Edward E. Boynton Residence, Rochester, New York, 1908 Meyer May Residence, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1908 Walter V. Davidson Residence, Buffalo, New York, 1908 Isabel Roberts Residence, River Forest, Illinois, 1908 Como Orchard Summer Colony, Darby, Montana, 1909 Frank J. Baker Residence, Wilmette, Illinois, 1909 Oscar Steffens Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1909 W. Scott Thurber Art Gallery, Chicago, Illinois, 1909 City National Bank Building and Park Inn Hotel, Mason City, Iowa, 1909 Stewart Summer Residence, Montecito, California, 1909 J. Kibben Ingalls Residence, River Forest, Illinois, 1909 Peter C. Stohr Arcade Building, Chicago, Illinois, 1909 Edward P. Irving Residence, Decatur, Illinois, 1909 Edward C. Waller Bathing Pavilion, Charlevoix, Michigan, 1909 1910s Emil Bach House, 1915 New York City Exhibition for the Universal Portland Cement Company, New York, New York, 1910 Jessie R. Ziegler Residence, Frankfort, Kentucky, 1910 O. B. Balch Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1911 Herbert Angster Residence, Lake Bluff, Illinois, 1911 Sherman M. Booth Cottage, Glencoe, Illinois, 1911 Banff National Park Pavilion, Banff, Alberta, 1911 Lake Geneva Hotel, Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, 1911 Taliesin I, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1911 Francis W. Little Residence II, Deephaven, Minnesota, 1912 Avery Coonley Playhouse, Riverside, Illinois, 1912 Observation Platform for Island Woolen Mills, Baraboo, Wisconsin, 1912 William B. Greene Residence, Aurora, Illinois, 1912 Harry S. Adams Residence, Oak Park, Illinois, 1913 Midway Gardens, Chicago, Illinois, 1913 Mori Oriental Art Studio, Chicago, Illinois, 1914 Woman’s Building at Inter-County Fairgrounds, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1914 Taliesin II, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1914 A.D. German Warehouse, Richland Center, Wisconsin, 1915 Edmund F. Brigham Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 Ravine Bluffs Development, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 Ravine Bluffs Development Sculptures, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 Ravine Bluffs Development Bridge, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 Sherman M. Booth Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development Charles R. Perry Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development Hollis R. Root Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development William F. Kier Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development William F. Ross Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development Lute F. and Daniel Kissam Residence, Glencoe, Illinois, 1915 in Ravine Bluffs Development Emil Bach Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1915 Imperial Hotel, Tokyo, Japan, 1915 demolished, 1968, lobby and pool reconstructed in 1976 in at Meiji Mura, near Nagoya, Japan Arthur L. Richards Small House, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1915, American System-Built Home Richards Bungalow, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1915, American System-Built Home Lewis E. Burleigh Residence, Wilmette, Illinois, 1915, American System-Built Home Ida and Grace McElwain Residence, Lake Bluff, Illinois, 1915, American System-Built Home Frederick C. Bogk, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916 Ernest Vosburgh Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916 Joseph J. Bagley Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916 W.S. Carr Summer Residence, Grand Beach, Michigan, 1916 Henry J. Allen Residence, Wichita, Kansas, 1916 Arthur R. Munkwitz Duplex Apartments, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916, American System-Built Home Arthur L. Richards Duplex Apartments, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 1916, American System-Built Home Stephen M. B. Hunt Residence II, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, 1917, American System-Built Home Guy C. Smith Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1917, American System-Built Home H. H. Hyde Residence, Chicago, Illinois, 1917, American System-Built Home Oscar A. Johnson Residence, Evanston, Illinois, 1917, American System-Built Home Delbert W. Meier Residence, Monona, Iowa, 1917, American System-Built Home Wilbert Wynant House, Gary, Indiana, 1917 , American System-Built Home (burned January 2006) Charles Heisen Residence, Villa Park, Illinois, 1917, American System-Built Home Aisaku Hayashi Residence, Tokyo, Japan, 1917 Hollyhock House (Aline Barnsdall Residence), Los Angeles, California, 1917 Arinobu Fukuhara, Kanagawa-Ken, Japan, 1918 Tazaemon Yamamura Residence, Hyogo-Ken, Japan, 1918 1920s Taliesin Dam and Hydroelectric Plant, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1920 Jiyu Gakuen Girls’ School, Tokyo, Japan, 1921 Alice Millard Residence La Miniatura, Pasadena, California, 1923 John Storer Residence, Hollywood, California, 1923 Samuel Freeman Residence, Los Angeles, California, 1923 Ennis Residence, Los Angeles, California, 1923 Taliesin III, Spring Green, Wisconsin, 1925 Arizona Biltmore Hotel, Phoenix, Arizona, 1927 Isabel Martin Residence, ("Graycliff Estate"), Buffalo NY (Derby, NY), 1927 Beach Cottages at Dumyat, Dumyat, Egypt, 1928 Ocotillo Desert Camp, Chandler, Arizona, 1928 Richard Lloyd Jones Residence, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1929 Taliesin West Panorama from the "bow" looking at the "ship" 1930s Malcolm E. Willey Residence, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1933 Kaufmann Residence, Fallingwater, Bear Run, Pennsylvania, 1935 Herbert Jacobs Residence I, Madison, Wisconsin, 1936 Paul R. Hanna Residence, Honeycomb House, Stanford, California, 1936 Abby Beecher Roberts Residence, Marquette, Michigan, 1936 Johnson Wax Headquarters, Racine, Wisconsin, 1936 Herbert F. Johnson Residence ("Wingspread"), Wind Point, WI, 1937 Ben Rebhuhn Residence, Great Neck Estates, New York, 1937 Taliesin West, Scottsdale, Arizona, 1937 Suntop Homes, Ardmore, Pennsylvania, 1938 Charles L. Manson Residence, Wausau, Wisconsin, 1938 John Clarence Pew Residence, Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin, 1938 Pheiffer Chapel, Lakeland, Florida, 1938 For Florida Southern College Rose Pauson Residence, Phoenix, Arizona, 1939 Sidney Bazett Residence, Hillsborough, California, 1939 Andrew F. H. Armstrong Residence, Ogden Dunes, Indiana, 1939 Stanley Rosenbaum Residence, Florence, Alabama, 1939 Lloyd Lewis Residence, Libertyville, Illinois, 1939 Loren Pope Residence, Falls Church, Virginia, 1939 Goetsch-Winckler Residence, Okemos, Michigan, 1939 Joseph Euchtman Residence, Baltimore, Maryland, 1939 Bernard Schwartz Residence, Two Rivers, Wisconsin, 1939 George Sturges Residence, Brentwood Heights, California, 1939 Clarence Sondern Residence, Kansas City, Missouri, 1939 1940s Auldbrass Plantation, Yemassee, South Carolina, 1940 Gregor S. Affleck Residence, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, 1940 Arch Oboler Gatehouse, Malibu, California, 1940 Theodore Baird Residence, Amherst, Massachusetts, 1940 James B. Christie Residence, Bernardsville, New Jersey, 1940 Community Christian Church, Kansas City, Missouri, 1940 Stuart Richardson Residence, Glen Ridge, New Jersey, 1940 Seminar Buildings, Lakeland, Florida, 1940 For Florida Southern College E.T. Roux Library, Lakeland, Florida, 1941 For Florida Southern College Wall Residence, Plymouth, Michigan, 1941 Industrial Arts Building, Lakeland, Florida, 1942 For Florida Southern College Herbert Jacobs Second Residence, Middleton, Wisconsin, 1944 Administration Building, Lakeland, Florida, 1945 For Florida Southern College Lowell Walter Residence, Quasqueton, Iowa, 1945 Arnold Friedman Vaction Lodge, Pecos, New Mexico, 1945 Esplanades Lakeland, Florida, 1946 For Florida Southern College Melvyn Maxwell Smith Residence, Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, 1946 Douglas Grant Residence, Marion, Iowa, 1946 Alvin Miller Residence, Charles City, Iowa, 1946 Chauncey Griggs Residence, Tacoma, Washington, 1946 First Unitarian Society, Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin, 1947 A. H. Bulbulian Residence, Rochester, Minnesota, 1947 Amy Alpaugh Residence, Northport, Michigan, 1947 Galesburg Country Homes, Galesburg, Michigan, 1948 David Weisblat Residence, Galesburg, Michigan, 1948 a Galesburg Country Home Eric Pratt Residence, Galesburg, Michigan, 1948 a Galesburg Country Home Samuel Eppstein Residence, Galesburg, Michigan, 1948 a Galesburg Country Home Curtis Meyer Residence, Galesburg, Michigan, 1948 a Galesburg Country Home Parkwyn Village, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1948 Robert Levin Residence, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1948 a Parkwyn Village Home Ward McCartney Residence, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1949 a Parkwyn Village Home Eric V. Brown Residence, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1949 a Parkwyn Village Home Herman T. Mossberg Residence, South Bend, Indiana, 1948 J. Willis Hughes Residence, Fountainhead, Jackson, Mississippi, 1948 Carroll Alsop Residence, Oskaloosa, Iowa, 1948 Jack Lamberson Residence, Oskaloosa, Iowa, 1948 Mrs. Clinton Walker Residence, Carmel, California, 1948 Albert Adelman Residence, Fox Point, Wisconsin, 1948 Maynard Buehler Residence, Orinda, California, 1948 Charles Weltzheimer Residence, Oberlin, Ohio, 1948 Erling Brauner Residence, Okemos, Michigan, 1948 V.C. Morris Gift Shop, San Francisco, CA, 1948 James Edwards Residence, Okemos, Michigan, 1949 Henry Neils Residence, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1949 Howard Anthony Residence, Benton Harbor, Michigan, 1949 Unonia Homes, Pleasantville, New York, 1948-1951 Sol Friedman Residence, Pleasantville, New York, 1948 a Unonia Home Edward Serlin Residence, Pleasantville, New York, 1949 a Unonia Home Kenneth Laurent Residence, Rockford, Illinois, 1949 1950s Robert D. Winn Residence, Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1950 a Parkwyn Village Home Wilbur Pearce Residence, Bradbury, California, 1950 Thomas Keys Residence, Rochester, Minnesota, 1950 David Wright Residence, Phoenix, Arizona, 1950 Russell Kraus Residence, Kirkwood, Missouri, 1950 John Haynes Residence, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1950 Dr. Richard Davis Residence, Woodside, Marion, Indiana, 1950 Ronny Reisley Residence, Pleasantville, New York, 1951 a Unonia Home Eric Pratt Residence, Galesburg, Michigan, 1951 a Usonia Home Kentuck Knob, Uniontown, Pennsylvania, 1953 Price Tower, Bartlesville, Oklahoma Price Tower, Bartlesville, Oklahoma, 1956 Walter Rudin House, Madison, Wisconsin, 1957 Marden House, McLean, Virginia, designed 1952, completed 1959 Cooke House, Virginia Beach, Va., designed 1953, built 1959 Annunciation Greek Orthodox Church, Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, designed in 1956, completed in 1961 Gorden House, Silverton, Oregon, Designed in 1957, Completed in 1964 Pilgrim Congregational Church, Redding, California, 1958 Other Beth Sholom Synagogue, Elkins Park, Pennsylvania, 1954 R.W. Lindholm Service Station Cloquet, Minnesota 1956 Marin County Civic Center, San Rafael, CA, 1957–66 (featured in the movies Gattaca & THX-1138) Blue Sky Mausoleum, Buffalo NY, 2004 Louis Penfield House, Willoughby Hills, Ohio, 1955 Grady Gammage Memorial Auditorium, Tempe, Arizona, built 1964 Monona Terrace, Madison, Wisconsin, built 1997. Unbuilt works The Illinois was possibly Wright's most unrealistic planned work. San Marcos In The Desert, near Chandler, Arizona, 1929 Gordon Strong Automobile Objective, Sugarloaf Mountain, Maryland,1924 Rogers Lacy Hotel, Dallas, Texas, 1946 Point Park Civic Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1947 The Illinois, mile-high tower in Chicago, 1956 References Selected books and articles on Wright’s philosophy: Frank Lloyd Wright, by Robert McCarter Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian Homes: Designs for Moderate Cost One-Family Homes, by John Sergeant Frank Lloyd Wright’s Usonian Homes (Wright at a Glance Series), by Carla Lind "In the Cause of Architecture," Architectural Record, March, 1908, by Frank Lloyd Wright. Published in Frank Lloyd Wright: Collected Writings, vol. 1. Natural House, The, by Frank Lloyd Wright Truth Against the World: Frank Lloyd Wright Speaks for an Organic Architecture, ed. by Patrick Meehan Understanding Frank Lloyd Wright's Architecture, by Donald Hoffman Usonia : Frank Lloyd Wright's Design for America, Alvin Rosenbaum Biographies on Wright Many Masks, by Brendan Gill Frank Lloyd Wright: a Biography, by Meryle Secrest Frank Lloyd Wright: His Life and Architecture, by Robert Twombly Selected survey books on Wright’s work: Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright, The, by Neil Levine Frank Lloyd Wright Field Gude, by Thomas A. Heinz ISBN 0-8101-2244-8 Architecture of Frank Lloyd Wright: A Complete Catalog, The, by William Allin Storrer ISBN 0-226-77623-9 Frank Lloyd Wright: America’s Master Architect, by Kathryn Smith Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect, by the Museum of Modern Art Frank Lloyd Wright Companion, The, by William Allin Storrer ISBN 0-226-77624-7 Frank Lloyd Wright: Masterworks, by Bruce Brooks Pfeiffer Wrightscapes: Frank Lloyd Wright’s Landscape Designs, by Charles and Berdeana Aguar Wright Space: Pattern and Meaning in Frank Lloyd Wright's Houses by Grant Hildebrand Frank Lloyd Wright Field Gude, by Thomas A. Heinz ISBN 0-8101-2244-8 See also Frank Lloyd Wright buildings Wasmuth Portfolio "So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright" (song) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Frank Lloyd Wright Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Frank Lloyd Wright Roy R. Behrens: Grant Wood and Frank Lloyd Wright: A Gothic Revival Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation Frank Lloyd Wright Preservation Trust Saving Fallingwater from Collapse Photos of chairs by Frank Lloyd Wright Frank Lloyd Wright Building Conservancy Frank Lloyd Wright a PBS documentary by Ken Burns Photo visits and a visit to a major work inspired by Frank Lloyd Wright Fallingwater Photo Tour Frank Lloyd Wright. Designs for an American Landscape 1922-1932 Frank Lloyd Wright in Wisconsin Frank Lloyd Wright in the Chicago Area Frank Lloyd Wright's Blue Sky Mausoleum (Buffalo, NY) Built 2004 Frank Lloyd Wright's Filling Station (Buffalo, NY) Darwin Martin House (Buffalo, NY) Frank Lloyd Wright in Buffalo, NY Graycliff Estate (Buffalo, NY) The Westcott House, Springfield Ohio A Frank Lloyd Wright presentation Complete list of Wright buildings Some famous Frank lloyd Wright quotes. Jiyuugakuen Myonichikan,Tokyo Yodoko Guest House,Kobe FLW in Los Angeles Patent illustration for Ardmore Experiment Official Website of 'Shining Brow' the opera about Frank Lloyd Wright The Dana-Thomas House, Springfield, Illinois All Wright Site Beth Sholom Synagogue The Richard Nickel Committee and Photographic Archive 1987 audio with Brendan Gill, biographer of Frank Lloyd Wright. Interview by Don Swaim of CBS Radio. RealAudio List of all known projects by Frank Lloyd Wright Steve's Sheet of Frank Lloyd Wright Links Three hills bridged with graceful arches - Marin County Civic Center (LandLiving.com)